Why speed of light of is constant?

Second postulate of Einsteins relativity (invariance of c)

As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.

I tried to find out why is this so, at many places on internet. But, all I got to know is that by experiments it is confirmed that "c" is always constant. But, if you go through my below post, you will understand that this not something that is special about light.Even with materials, the same behavior gets exhibited. It just some unique way that "distance lag" and "inertia" balance each other. If this is true, it will need some fundamental change in our understanding of Einstein's relativity. We will know why speed of light is constant irrespective speed of frame of observer and many flush out concepts of insanity like time travel, conversion of material into energy, black holes, singularity before big bang etc.

Consider below picture








There are two objects A and B moving away from each other. We will consider a universal frame of reference here , marked with numbers. But, as you know such a frame does not exists. That means it is not possible to know if A is fixed and B is moving or B is fixed and A is moving or both are moving in the same direction with different velocities or both of them moving away from each other.

First, let us assume that there is universal frame is available. With respect to universal frame of reference A is stationary and B is moving with velocity "v" away from A. Now, assume that a canon on object fires a ball with velocity "c" towards A. A will receive the ball with velocity "c-v".
This is basically because of inertia of ball. The inertia is property of it mass.

Now, in absence of universal frame it is not possible to determine if A is fixed and B is moving away from A. So, let us assume other extreme of the scenario and let us analyze it with respect to reference frame. In the other case, B could be constant and A could be moving away from B. In this particular case, canon ball travels with velocity "c-0" i.e. "c". But, by the time it reaches at the place of A, A is moved further. When it reaches new position of A, A still moves little further. The extra distance that canon ball has to cover makes it approach with slower velocity at A. How much? it finally make it slower to the velocity "c-v". Refer my post on series in this same blog.

This is very interesting for two reasons.
1. irrespective of which object is fixed , finally ball is received at A is at (c-v). So, in absence of universal frame of reference the universe remains balanced.

2. In the first case inertia or mass was the reason for slower velocity. In second case the reason is time or distance gap. So actually, inertia and distance gap complement each other perfectly to maintain balance or make universal frame of reference unnecessary. This is very interesting. Mass and distance are two totally different characteristics but still they complement each other.

Now, if some thing is mass less, it will not have any inertia. So instead of canon ball, if B flashes light ray in first case, it will immerse with velocity "c". But, then in second case how does it can not produce distance lag?

Einstein took help of time. He though time is relative it flexes to make sure that velocity remains "c" in second case in spite of distance lag. But, I do not think so. See my post "is time relative" on my blog.

I guess, there is nothing like mass less in this universe. So speed of light is constant is an assumption it self is baseless.

One old question.. once again left unanswered!

I am made of all the things that are found in the soil, but i m not a statue.

I do work by converting higher grade of energy into lower grade, but i m not a machine.

I grow by continuously, but I am not a tree

I sense the environment around me and control my reactions, but I am not an animal.

I have thirst for knowledge, but I am not just any human.... In fact all human are unique.

Then who am I ? what makes me unique?


Who am I?

Well, Physically...

I am just a complex mass made up of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen with other impurities like iron, sodium etc in traces. They are structured in a unique way to form my
DNA. Change their proportions and arrangement and my physical aspects will be changed. So, my appearance is nothing but unique proportions and arrangement of most commonly
found elements in the nature.

There exists finite elements but infinite arrangements and infinite proportions in which a DNA can be formed. Nature need not repeat me.
But, one can exactly model and duplicate my DNA thus I can be physically rebuilt. Scientist are already busy in preparing genetic maps for various species. Map my
DNA's to lot many more details and I can be re-borne provided that we have all required technological advancements done. I can be recreated ...but only physically.


And mentally...


Anything in this world(y) is a function of other things(x) and can be expressed in terms of mathematical an equation.
y = f (x1,x2,x3.....)

These functions(f) are very lengthy and complicated, beyond our understanding as on toady. Every input variable(x1,x2,...) can be measured only with certain degree of
uncertainty. This causes predictions (y) to be very uncertain. That why we always wonder about future, human behavior and of course about God's will, the fate.

But, what if we understand these functions fully and can measure inputs with reasonably low levels of uncertainty?
Yes... That day we will have programs simulating our feelings, reactions and our aptitude. So our heart can be cloned.


But what about our "will" and "self" and "thrust for knowledge" and "whims and fancies"?
Is it that what makes us Unique...the real me???
Or these are just more complicated programs????
Am I unique or just a zero????

Is time relative?

Absolute and Relative... Time and Space

Once upon a time there were two Shishyas, X and Y and a Guruji called O.

"We had the same dream last night, Guruji.." , both the Shishyas reported to Guruji. "We saw a man and he told his name Einstine. He was laughing at us saying that you and your Guruji, all are insane. Time is actually relative"

"Ohh,,," Guruji took a deep breath."May be he is right. But, let us check it out"

Then X spoke out, " For most of us relative distance make a good sense. When we talk about distance of something, it is incomplete unless we specify from where. So we do agree that distance is always relative.But, then what is relative time and absolute distance?"

Guruji said, "Ok. Let me try. Close your eyes". They closed their eyes and saw they were in the space where three space shuttles were waiting for them.

Guruji had four tapes. Out of them, two he tied to his space craft at one end and handed the other end of tapes each to X and Y. "This will tell you how far you have gone". He tied one end of third tape to X's space craft handed other end to Y. "This will tell Y, how far he is from X.". Then the last one he tied to Y's space craft and handed other end to X."This will tell X, how far is from Y".Shishyas nodded."And, as you go along keep shouting out your distance"

BRUHHHHHHHHHHMMMMMMMM....

Space craft's of X and Y, started moving away from Guruji, along two straight paths. Shishya's looked at tape1 and tape2 respectively, which were showing their distance from Guruji. Then they started reporting,
X and Y, "1 km"
Guruji, "ok"
X and Y, "2 km"
Guruji, "ok"
X and Y, "3 km"
Guruji, "ok"
X and Y, "4 km"
But, There was no ok.
Guruji cut both the tapes from his space craft and looked at them with a smile. Tape1 and tape2 simply went loose as their other end was not tied to anything now. The reading on them was no more useful.

"But, Guruji asked us to report distance", X shouted.
"Let us readout distance in tape 3 and tape 4". Y suggested."Distance of you from me and distance of me from you. And as it is Guruji never told us distance from what, we can always tell distance from anything".
"But, what if you and I let go the end of tapes that are tied to our space craft?", X wondered.
"No problem, We have steerings here to space craft. We can come closer retie them and keep going again", Y replied.
"But, there is no way we can go back to Guruji. These space crafts are thrown away from him and they are continuously moving away from that point. There's no way we can reverse. These steerings can take us right of left, but no back to Guruji", X said nervously.

With this Guruji told, "open you eyes". He had a paper and pencil in his hand and a figure drawn.



Absolute distance - Consider an explosion (similar to a big bang) in a 2 dimensional plane as shown in the picture above. There is only a single mass available at point O, and suddenly something happens. The mass splits into two objects X and Y and thrown out in the space. Imagine that there are two observers on each of the objects X and Y. With this as a scenario, let us explore what terms relative and absolute mean to us.

Let us imagine that both the observers are carrying a tape each (Tape1 and Tape2). There is hook available at point O which do not change its position even in the explosion. One end of the their tapes remain hooked at point O, while the other end can read the position from point O.

The reading taken by observers Dx and Dy, will be called their absolute distances.

Let us now imagine that there are hooks available on point X and Y. Two more tapes (Tape3 and Tape4) are hooked at one end these hooks while the other end of these tapes measures distance of X from Y or vice versa.

The reading taken by either of the observers d, will be called relative distance.

Now, we know that there can't be a hook at point O. This is because there can not be matter at point O or the point 'O 'it self could be moving. In fact, the point O becomes undefinable after explosion. So, we really can not measure Dx and Dy. What we measure is d. If we know d and also angle between the paths of X and Y had been known (considering that the paths are straight lines and both X and Y travel at same velocity), perhaps we can calculate Dx or Dy. But, we can not decide whether the paths are straight, absolute velocities of X or Y are the same or what angle the paths make between them. So let us conclude that, it is not possible to measure absolute distance but distance measured is always relative.

why this all????????

Why this mind boggling spread of this universe? why this marvelous creation of life? why this amazing intelligence? Why does all this exists? and why evolve?

well... i was playing game of snake-ladder with 2 dices. After few tries and few movements on the board, i threw both the dices on the ground and there burst a loud cheer from my mouth !!! On both dices I got 6.

But, why both 6s? why do I get both 6s? The answer is, it is because of two reasons...


1. Both 6s because that is possible. I can never have one 6 and another 7. Because thats impossible..


2. I threw the dices many times and after several tries before I got both 6s.There were so many incidents where I got something else (like 4 and 5 / 2 and 3 etc...) but not both 6s.

Let us see this one by one..


1. Both 6s because that is possible. I can never have one 6 and another 7. Because thats impossible..

then,
Can carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen etc. combine to form amino acids? ...Yes
Can amino acids inter-react to form RNA/DNA? ....Yes
Can DNA evolve to form a single/multi cellular organisms?... Yes
Can an organism sense the surroundings?.... Yes
Can sensed data be processed to react creating illusion of feelings?.... Yes
Can the algorithm grow so complicated that one can mistaken it for intellect.... Yes

Then, is life a possibility? ...Yes!!!!

Does it all exists just because it is possible...just because that's a possibility....

Could be...!!!!!

but, subject to second condition..

2. I threw the dices many times and after several tries before I got both 6s.There were so many incidents where I got something else (like 4 and 5 / 2 and 3 etc...) but not both 6s.

then,
how many ways carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen etc. can combine with other and do not form amino acid but something else ...billions of ways!!!
and what is probability that amino acids will eventually produce life/intellect?... ohh... one in trillion trillions....it requires water, ozone , moderate temperature and so may things....really one in goggle...
so life,intellect seems to be very very rare possibility... one in a very high number of times...
but .. but that won't be a one in infinite ... that will be one in some very high finite number of times...
hey, but look at this universe.. its infinite in time and space.... just infinite....

Then, can infinity of universe provide sufficient chance for life/intellect to happen?

Does all other possibilities that do not produce life along with one that produce life, keep happening in some corner of this universe, somewhere in past , in future......

Could be...!!!

Ok.

Let me me summaries why I got both 6s on the dices when I threw them...
1. Because... that is a possibility
2 Because... I thrown dices sufficient number of times so all other combination also happened and once it was both 6s.

Then,
Le me summaries why this life/intellect exist..
1. Because... that is possible (let it be once in goggle)
2. Because... this universe infinite in time and space, this infinity of universe makes life/intellect possible.

THIS FOR YOU TO THINK,

Has it answered one more question, I never asked...

"This will keep happening.... again and again... somewhere in the universe"

and one very absurd thing to think...

"Not only this but all that you can think of and all that you can not think of... will keep happening...again and again.. somewhere in the universe"

WHAT YOU SAY????????????

The God

Thousands of years before, when man was more or less like the ape, he must have wondered, how days and nights occur in sequence. No doubt, God was behind it. As his brain developed, he found that it’s because of a round hot sphere called the sun. The sun rotates around the earth and because of it we witness the never ending cycle of days and nights. But, what makes the sun go round the earth. Of course, God keeps rotating the sun around the earth. Centuries passed, and man found it’s not the sun that rotates around the earth, but, in fact, the earth rotates around the sun. The reason is gravitational force between the sun and the earth. But, why there is gravitational force? Who decided the constant “G”, in the equation GMm/r2? There must be some power, it must be God. But, the latest studies assume presence of particles, gravitons, responsible for gravitation. Now, who created them? ….. God, who else!!!!

As we see, whenever we couldn’t find any reasonably good answer, we tend to conclude the presence of God. Earlier, God was thought to be responsible for almost every thing that happens around us. But, as our knowledge about the universe is growing day by day, the area of God’s responsibility has crunched.

Well, you will tell me that even if you are gaining more and more knowledge about the universe, still you don’t know everything. God’s presence can not be eliminated. I do agree. But, the pace at which we are gaining the knowledge about universe, I foresee a moment when we will understand “THE TRUTH”. It will answer the last question and will end this long queue of questions. To know “THE TRUTH” is the very purpose of a science.

With this as a fact, I would like to conclude, God is nothing but another name of lack of knowledge. For what we can’t think about, for what we don’t know, for what we don’t have any answer for, we think of some super power. But, actually that’s something governed by some laws of physics that we don’t know yet. But, as we will know more and more about universe, we will come out of this imaginary concept of God. The day we understand “THE TRUTH”, will be the last day of God on this earth.

BE project

Down load the zipped file from http://ekalwya.tripod.com/projects/besoft.zip

Extract it all the files in one folder only and double click on master.exe. The demo version is not password protected. So when you start and it asks for password just press enter.

Next screen has appearance simillar to any MS - Window. On the top, there is a menu bar with differnt menu options like scanner, planner etc. Once you click on any of the menu options,a drop down menu lists will appear at right hand side of the screen. You have to go in sequencially for designiong an entire grabox means scanner, then planner etc.

The software is not properly tested so be ready for crash any time.



A. - Click on scanner. A dop down list will appear on the right side of the screen. Select those options one by one.

This menu option will take all the input that is required for designing a gearbox.


*Required values for gear-box design :

1) For Prime Mover :
select "no"
or "yes" and enter any value between "1 to 2"

2) For Power
HP =2 to 20
KW = 2 to 15
Speed = 300 to 3000 rpm generally 1440RPM

3) Speeds
max = upto 5000
min = Between min. 500 & max. less than max.
no. of o/p speed = less than 2 to 64

oK, i have some work. I will com-plete this blog tommorow. Till that time u keep playing with my BE projetct. bye till 2mrrow.

Infinity

Attempt To Understand Infinity –

Let us make some facts clear to ourselves.


Fact – 1
Every thing that begins sometime has to end after some time. The things that obey this rule are called finite things.
For example, every person born at some point of time will die someday.


Fact – 2
There are 2 things, time and space. They have no beginning and will never end.



Fact – 3
If we add certain natural (positive) numbers together obviously we will get a number, bigger than those added. But, be sure that it will be a number. That is to say, finite things when added result into a finite.

Consider three collinear points A, B and C. If distance between A and B is 5 meters and that of between B and C is 10 meters, then obviously if you add distance 5 and 10, you will get distance between A and C as 15 meters. Note, 5 and 10 are finite numbers and so the result 15.

The same is true for time. If Einstein was born years after Christ was born and if lived for years then one can tell that he died in


Fact - 4
To make an infinite number, we will need to add finite number infinite times.





Now, from Fact – 1, if we say that world is created by the big bang, it has to end some day, may be by big crunch.

But, why it was created at some point of time when time is infinite? Why at that particular time when it was created? If the time is infinite, it could have been created at some other point of time also.

With above thinking in mind, we can conclude one thing.

From fact – 4, there must be infinite number of big bangs that took place in past and there will be infinite number of those that will happen in future.


The big bang, creation of world, evolution of life and then it will be followed by big crunch. Again the same cycle will repeat. As the cycle is finite, it has to repeat infinite times.

Every progress made by man will be one day destroyed. It will be start gain and end again. Infinite times….